Medición de la vaina del nervio óptico mediante tomografía computarizada como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave al ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Optic nerve sheath measurement through computerized scan as death predictor in patients with serious cranioencephalic trauma on entry to the Intensive Care Unit / Medição da bainha do nervo óptico por tomografia computadorizada como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com trauma cranioencefálico grave internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

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Abstract: Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a medical-surgical condition characterized by brain involvement secondary to a traumatic lesion. Patients with severe TBI are at high risk of mortality and this will depend on different factors such as the presence of intracranial hypertension, age, origin of the injury and score on the Glasgow coma scale. Measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) appears to be a good indirect indicator of intercranial hypertension and therefore, a good predictor of mortality. Objective: To determine the most appropriate cut-off point, as well as the measurement of the ONSD usefulness as a prognostic indicator of mortality in patients with severe TBI in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Material and methods: This is an analytical, descriptive, and retrospective study. The universe of study consists of all the case/files with TBI. For the sample selection, all available records of patients with severe TBI sent to the ICU during the period from March 1 to August 31, 2021, will be included. Within the inclusion criteria patients with a Glasgow scale score of < 8 points on entry and with a computerized scan done. The dependent variables to considerer are the outcome understood as death or survival of the patient, the days hospitalized in the ICU, the presence of complications; among the dependent variables is the diameter of the optic nerve sheath measured by computerized tomography. Intervening variables were also considered such as the presence of comorbidities and overweight/obesity, the age and sex of the patient. The project consisted of four phases: 1) request for authorization and access to files, 2) application of selection criteria, 3) performance of ONSD measurements and 4) creation of the database. Finally, once the database is formed, the statistical analysis will proceed; for the descriptive part, prevalence's, means (standard deviation) and medians (percentiles) will be calculated for the variables by sex and by outcome, subsequently the diagnostic capacity of the ONSD will be analyzed through the area under the ROC curve (receiving operating characteristics) for the outcome. Afterwards the performance of this and other cut-off points are compared using the Youden index. Results: Sixty records of TBI patients admitted to the ICU were studied, 51 were men (85%), 45 patients survived (75%) and 15 patients died (25%). The average age was of 50.5 ± 10.6 years, the average Glasgow score on admission was 6.6 ± 1.6 points, the average BMI was 26.42 ± 4.10 kg/m2, and the average number of days spent in the ICU was 9.03 ± 6.4. The diameter of the optic nerve was not a predictor of mortality, but if the Glasgow coma scale was, with an AUC of 0.775 (95% CI: 0.648-0.901, p = 0.002), the best cut-off point was 7 with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 54%. The bivariate linear regression model points to low Glasgow coma score and long hospital stay as predictors of mortality. Conclusions: The results of this study infer that, consistent with current scientific evidence, the sociodemographic characteristics of our population are similar to those reported by other authors, with men over 50 years of age being the most affected by this entity. On the other hand, the measurement of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath has been considered a good prognostic indicator of intracranial hypertension, which in turn is associated with increased mortality. However, in the present study there is no association between the diameter of the optic nerve sheath and the prognosis of mortality.

Resumo: Introdução: O traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) é uma condição médico-cirúrgica caracterizada por lesão cerebral secundária a uma lesão traumática. Pacientes com TCE grave apresentam alto risco de mortalidade e isso dependerá de diversos fatores, como presença de hipertensão intracraniana, idade, origem da lesão e pontuação na Escala de Coma de Glasgow. A medida do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (DBNO) parece ser um bom indicador indireto de hipertensão intracraniana e, portanto, um bom preditor de mortalidade. Objetivo: Determinar o ponto de corte mais adequado, bem como a utilidade da medida do DBNO como indicador prognóstico de mortalidade em pacientes com TCE grave na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo analítico, descritivo e retrospectivo. O universo de estudo é composto por todos os prontuários de casos/pacientes com TCE grave. Para a seleção da amostra foram incluídos todos os prontuários disponíveis de pacientes com TCE grave encaminhados à Unidade de Terapia Intensiva no período de 1o de março a 31 de agosto de 2021, dentro dos critérios de inclusão foram considerados pacientes com escala de Glasgow < 8 pontos na admissão e com uma tomografia computadorizada realizada. As variáveis ​​dependentes consideradas são o desfecho entendido como óbito ou sobrevida do paciente, os dias de internação na UTI, a presença de complicações; dentro das variáveis ​​independentes está o diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico medido por tomografia computadorizada. Também foram consideradas variáveis ​​intervenientes, como presença de comorbidades e sobrepeso/obesidade, idade e sexo do paciente. O projeto consistiu em três fases: a) Pedido de autorização e acesso aos prontuários, b) Aplicação dos critérios de seleção, c) Desenvolvimento da base de dados. Por fim, uma vez formada a base de dados, procedeu-se à análise estatística. Para a parte descritiva, foram calculadas as prevalências, médias (desvio padrão) e medianas (percentis) das variáveis ​​por sexo e por desfecho. Posteriormente, a capacidade diagnóstica do DBNO foi analisada pela área sob a curva ROC (Receiving Operating Characteristics) para o resultado. Posteriormente, o desempenho deste e de outros pontos de corte foi comparado pelo índice de Youden. Resultados: Foram estudados 60 prontuários de pacientes com TCE que deram entrada na UTI, 51 eram homens (85%), 45 pacientes sobreviveram (75%) e 15 pacientes morreram (25%). A média de idade foi de 50.5 ± 10.6 anos, a média de Glasgow na admissão foi de 6.6 ± 1.6 pontos, a média de IMC foi de 26.42 ± 4.10 kg/m2 e a média de dias de internação na UTI foi de 9.03 ± 6.4. O diâmetro do nervo óptico não foi preditor de mortalidade, mas a Escala de Coma de Glasgow sim, com AUC de 0.775 (IC 95%: 0.648-0.901, p = 0.002), o melhor ponto de corte foi 7 com sensibilidade de 93% e especificidade de 54%. O modelo de regressão linear bivariada aponta para baixo escore de coma de Glasgow e longa permanência hospitalar como preditores de mortalidade. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo inferem que, de acordo com as evidências científicas atuais, as características sociodemográficas de nossa população são semelhantes às relatadas por outros autores, sendo os homens com aproximadamente 50 anos de idade os mais acometidos por essa entidade. Por outro lado, a medida do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico tem sido considerada um bom indicador prognóstico de hipertensão intracraniana, que por sua vez está associada ao aumento da mortalidade. No entanto, no presente estudo não há associação entre o diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico e o prognóstico de mortalidade.

Consenso colombiano de expertos sobre recomendaciones informadas en la evidencia para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de la infección por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 en pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica en diálisis / Colombian Expert Consensus on Evidence-Informed Recommendations for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Dialysis

Resumen Introducción: Las personas con diálisis de mantenimiento se consideran una población en alto riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2, complicaciones y muerte. La periodicidad de la diálisis, la organización y la demanda en las unidades de diálisis y las limitaciones de alfabetización en salud poblacional limitan el cumplimiento del aislamiento y el distanciamiento social. Objetivo: Desarrollar, mediante un consenso de expertos, recomendaciones informadas en evidencia para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de la infección por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión rápida de literatura en Pubmed, Embase y sociedades científicas. La calidad de evidencia fue evaluada según el tipo de estudio incluido. El acuerdo se definió para cada recomendación con umbral de al menos 70% de aprobación. La fuerza de las recomendaciones fue graduada como fuerte o débil. Resultados: El colectivo fue consultado entre el 17 y 19 de mayo de 2020. Se obtuvo respuesta de 44 expertos clínicos que declararon conflicto de interés previo a la consulta. El acuerdo de las recomendaciones estuvo entre 70,5 y 100%. Se presentan las recomendaciones de un colectivo experto para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de infección por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Conclusión: Debido a la reciente aparición de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y las incertidumbres respecto a la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo, las recomendaciones presentadas se conciben como un estándar colombiano que permita garantizar un cuidado centrado en las personas con enfermedad renal crónica y la protección de los profesionales de la salud.

Abstract Introduction: People with chronic dialysis are considered a population at high risk of SARS CoV2 infection and its derived complications and death. The need to go to strict dialysis schedules, the high demand in the kidney facilities and the difficulties derived from the time and space organization in the rooms in the face to the pandemic added to the difficult learning, teaching and adapting new protocols manifest the needed of standard recommendation according to this problem in people who couldn't have an ideal isolation. Objective: Develop through an expert consensus, evidence-informed recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 infection in patients with chronic kidney disease on Dialysis. Materials and methods: We carried out a quick literature review, PubMed, Embase and scientific societies were consulted. The quality of the evidence was considered according to the type of study included. The agreement threshold defined for each recommendation was > 70% approval among experts. The strength of the recommendations was rated as strong or weak. Results: Between May 17 and 19, 2020, was conformed a team of 44 clinical experts who declared their interest conflict prior to the consultation. The agreement of the recommendations was between 70.5% and 100%. The recommendations were separated in prevention, early identification, and diagnostic, isolation in hemodialysis facilities and peritoneal dialysis, and team protection. Ethical considerations also were included. Conclusion: Due to the recent appearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the uncertainties regarding prevention, diagnosis and management, the recommendations presented are conceived as a Colombian standard that allows guaranteeing focused care for people with chronic kidney disease and the protection of health team.

Reflexiones sobre la ingeniería genética: a propósito del nacimiento de gemelas sometidas a edición génica / Considerations on genetic engineering: regarding the birth of twins subjected to gene edition

Resumen En este ensayo se analizan las implicaciones bioéticas de la reciente manipulación genética en embriones humanos con CRISPR-Cas9 para eliminar el gen CCR5 y el nacimiento de dos gemelas discordantes. El experimento se divulgó en medios sociales. Los principales problemas bioéticos identificados son la justificación del modelo, el proceso de consentimiento informado y la falta de declaración de evidentes conflictos de interés. No se evaluaron apropiadamente las consecuencias del experimento sobre la vida de las gemelas nacidas como la afectación a su autonomía, los supuestos beneficios por recibir y los riesgos futuros de daño durante su vida. Habiendo manipulado la línea celular germinal, no se consideraron los efectos sobre su descendencia futura. Este tipo de acciones tiene un impacto negativo en la forma como la sociedad concibe la ciencia. La ingeniería genética debe reservarse al contexto experimental básico o bien como investigación cínica para la corrección de enfermedades conocidas graves de origen genético, bajo estricta supervisión regulatoria y bioética y de manera gradualista de acuerdo con el progreso de las técnicas de edición genética.

Abstract In this essay, the bioethical implications of the recent genetic manipulation in human embryos with CRISPR-Cas9 to eliminate the CCR5 gene and the birth of a pair of discordant twin girls are analyzed. The experiment was disseminated via social media. The main bioethical flaws identified include the justification of the model, the informed consent process and the lack of disclosure of evident conflicts of interest. The consequences of the experiment on the life of the twins that were born were not properly evaluated, such as the impact on their autonomy, the alleged benefits to be received and the future risks of harm during their lifetime. Having manipulated the germ cell line, the effects on their future offspring were not considered. This type of actions negatively affects the way society conceives science. Genetic engineering should be reserved to the basic experimental context or as clinical research for the correction of known serious diseases of genetic origin under strict regulatory and bioethical supervision and using a gradualist approach in accordance with the advances of gene editing techniques.

Aneurismas paraclínicos en el Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena de Temuco: experiencia de 16 años / Paraclinoidal aneurysms in the Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco

Desde que se inicia la cirugía de aneurismas intracerebrales en el Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena de Temuco (año 1989) a la fecha, se han intervenido 8 por aneurismas paraclinoideos de la arteria carótida interna. Seis pacientes de sexo femenino y dos de sexo masculino, con un promedio de edad de 46.7 años al momento del ingreso. Siete debutaron con cuadro de hemorragia subaracnoídea, en 6 casos determinada por el aneurisma paraclinoideo y uno de otra localización. El restante paciente es diagnosticado a través de una tomografía parte del estudio de patología neoplásica del tracto digestivo. De la técnica utilizada destaca: Control de la arteria carótida cervical disecada previa al tiempo craneal, uso de drenaje espinal, abordaje pterional intradural, fresado de clinoides, disección del anillo distal y uso de clip quirúrgico según anatomía de la lesión. Los pacientes fueron intervenidos en un promedio de 10.12 días desde el inicio de la sintomatología o desde el hallazgo de la lesión en forma incidental. Buenos resultados quirúrgicos 87.5 por ciento y sobrevida promedio de 8 años a la fecha.

Since the beginning of surgery of intracraneal aneurysms in Temuco's Hospital, (1989) to our days, eightr patients has been operated because of an aneurysm situated at the paraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery. Six of them were female and two were male, with a mean age of 46,7 years at the event. Seven patients consulted for a history of subarachnoid bleeding, six of them had a carotid - ophthalmic aneurysm. The diagnosis of the other patient was done by a tomographic control of malignant digestive tract pathology. All patients were approached by fronto-pterional side of the skull, previously doing a cervical incision at the same side of the aneurysm, to expose the primitive and internal carotid artery, intradural access and spinal drainage. Anterior clinoid process was extirpated and distal ring was dissected before clipping the aneurysm. The use of surgical clips was according to the anatomy of the lesion. The patient was operated in an average of 10 days since the beginning of the symptoms or since the casual discovery of the aneurysm. Good surgical prognosis in 87.5 percent and survival mean 8 days.